Frankenstein notes

Issues

  • Deals with crucial social and public question of the period
  • Her first baby died within two weeks; her journal reads ‘dreamt that my baby came back to life again…’
  • Erasmus Darwin – interested in creative and regenerative processes of nature
  • Humphrey Davy – a chemist argued that chemists could change and modify the world
  • Luigi Galvani – experimented in animal electricity
  • Mary Shelley’s connections were through her father and husband, she accompanied him to lectures in London
  • But what was her attitude towards science? Did she differentiate between good and bad science? She seems to favour the non-interventionist approach – in the novel showing the dire consequences of a science that sees itself as ‘master.’
  • Or was she discussing the question of what life is? By ‘masculinising’ the birth of the creature she appears to be removing any humanity. The exclusion of femininity, the marginalising and sidelining of feminine virtue end in the destruction of various lives, all innocent: Justine, Elizabeth, William and Henry. All due to Victor’s inconsiderate actions.
  • Certainly Victor fails in his capacity as parent to his creature.
  • Science needs to have a morality.
  • The creature never gets a name.
  • John Locke suggested that man was neither good nor evil but a blank slate upon which experience would write.
  • Much of the novel can be seen as a struggle between the sexes; Shelley shows that creation does not stop at the moment of life but Victor manufactures and then creates a monster by his rejection of his creation. He makes a female companion then destroys it, again abandoning his responsibilities.

Narrative form

  • Epistolary
  • Multi-layered
  • Symmetrical – triangular: 3 viewpoints but also three main characters each have important conversations with each other
  • No omniscient narrator
  • Offers a choice of readings or even the opportunity to question the accounts offered
  • Walton as primary narrator enables us to see his own ambitions in the light of Frankenstein’s.

Historical and social context

  • Just post-French revolution – led to paranoia in England that the same things may happen here.
  • Frankenstein is ambiguous about revolution
  • Growing hostility to church and state from the masses
  • Frankenstein became a metaphor for the unruly working classes and their potential for revolution
  • Impact of technological development on people’s lives
  • Shelley’s loss of her radical husband made her less than inclined to side with the radical which may be the reason why the creature is doomed.
  • 1817 The Pentridge Uprising by the Luddites – opposed to technology – 300 marched on Nottingham but were disbanded and three of its leaders were executed
  • 1818 edition more inclined to the Luddite view but 1831 edition less so
  • 1818 edition anonymously published; 1831 she claimed it as her own and substantially revised it and her
    1818 Romantic attitudes were subjugated to a more forceful conscience and moralistic vision.
  • 1832 The Reform Bill
  • 1832 The Anatomy Act allowed medical practitioners to use paupers’ bodies for medical research. The working classes were not happy!

Frankenstein chapter summaries

Chapter 2

Description of Elizabeth (kind, generous, womanly) and Henry Clerval (enthusiastic for all sorts of experiences); also Victor’s growing obsession with natural philosophy.

Chapter 3

Elizabeth catches scarlet fever, in nursing her Victor’s mother dies; he goes off to university to pursue his obsession despite his professors’ disdain.

Chapter 4

Victor becomes obsessed with the idea of defeating death and disease; collects body parts to create life meanwhile rejecting his previous life, interests, health and even sleep.

Chapter 5

He animates his creation, is horrified by it and runs away from it. It pursues him till he runs into Clerval who looks after him for several months as he has a breakdown.

Chapter 6

Victor receives a letter from Elizabeth reminding him of his family and responsibilities. Justine introduced and her background as a lovely, decent and upstanding woman.

Chapter 7

Victor receives a letter from his father telling him his brother William has been murdered. Victor travels home. On his way he catches sight of the monster during a dramatic storm. Upon arrival at home his brother Ernest tells him the murderer has been discovered – it is Justine.

Chapter 8

At the trial the evidence is produced – a picture hidden in the pocket of her dress and her absence on the night of the crime. She confesses (afraid of the consequences for her soul) and is hanged despite Elizabeth’s plea on her behalf.

Chapter 9

Victor falls into a deep depression.

Chapter 10

One day while out walking in the mountains the monster approaches him and begs him to listen to his story.

Chapter 11

The monster describes how rejected by his creator he wandered lonely and naked until he found a cloak to cover himself, fire to warm himself, food to feed himself and finally a family to spy upon and learn about the world. Including in his first encounter with other humans their fear and contempt for him when some villagers threw stones at him to drive him away.

Chapter 12

He learned about kindness.

Chapter 13

He learns to read and to talk by listening in on the old man teaching the young Arabian woman.

Chapter 14

He learns about selflessness and high ideals.

Chapter 15

He concocts a plan to be taken in by these kind folk. He is shocked by the violence of their rejection of him.

Chapter 16

In revenge he destroys their now abandoned home and wandering aimlessly he encounters first a young girl whom he saves from drowning in the river but is thanked with a bullet by her young man and then what turns out to be Victor’s young brother whom he inadvertently kills when he refuses to accompany him. He plants evidence of the crime on Justine and flees the scene.

Chapter 17

Now he asks – demands – that Victor make him a mate.

Chapter 18

Victor’s father suggests he and Elizabeth get married soon. He says he must go to England first.

Chapter 19

Victor and Clerval tour England then part company in Scotland from where Victor travels to the Orkneys, hires a cottage and proceeds to make the monster’s mate.

Chapter 20

On seeing the monster spying on him Victor in a frenzy tears up the mate. Upon leaving the island he is arrested for the murder of Henry Clerval.

Chapter 21

He has another breakdown. After 3 months in prison his father arrives and Victor is found to be innocent.

Chapter 22

They return to Geneva. Eventually he and Elizabeth are married.

Chapter 23

Elizabeth is murdered on their wedding night by the monster. Once again Victor is exonerated by the law.

Chapter 24

And Victor sets off around the world in pursuit where finally we end where we started and he meets Walton.